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stuckinabucket:

This googly-eyed little bastard is the blunthead tree snake (Imantodes cenchoa).
It lives in Latin America and can’t do anything without looking ridiculous.  A case in point:

It’s nocturnal, lives in understory shrubs, sleeps in bromeliads, and, unlike its cousin the twig snake, isn’t venomous unless you’re a small frog.

Above: Ridiculous-looking death in a tube.
Below: “Pathetically inoffensive to humans.”*

If you grab it, its primary defense will be to stink at you, because that’s dignified.  To give you an idea of how tiny this thing is, here is a jumping spider thinking of trying its luck.
They live off a diet of frog and lizard eggs, small frogs, and lizards about the diameter of a human finger.  Females can take slightly bigger prey, since their heads tend to be a smidge bigger than males’. 
Nobody’s really done a lot of research on the whys of their itty bitty teeny little bodies, but the skull size and shape is under extreme evolutionary pressure to stay big enough to support prey consumption and sharp vision, while snake ribs and vertebrae are pretty flexible, allowing the rest of the body to essentially collapse into a camouflage-friendly profile when not digesting food. 
We do know that their organ position means that their bodies are significantly backweighted, with their center of gravity clocking in at 74% of their nose-to-ass length** (technically their Snout-Vent Length, which is slightly more hilarious but also slightly more obscure if you’re not a herpetologist, because most people don’t go around calling an asshole a vent).  The backweighting does give them way more maneuverability in the head section, which helps when you’re grabbing small, quick things like frogs and lizards and I guess can’t hurt when you’re eating their unborn young, either.  Like, you can strike the eggs fast and hard like a ninja and pretend there’s some honor in it or something.
Also, there’s some advantage to being so unbelievably long and skinny that this is possible:

At least if you tend to live in short, shrubby trees.  See, if you have x amount of biomass, and you spread it out over 3-5 feet, like these little bastards do, instead of concentrating it into one normal-looking snake, you’re much less likely to find yourself unsupported by vegetation.  And I don’t mean that like, the vegetation won’t believe in you.  I mean, the vegetation will dump you on your ass if you slither across it as a normal snake. 
Skinny Minnie up there has much better odds of being able to scoot across a few twigs and leaves without them giving, and the greater length means that it can anchor itself at multiple points along a path.  It also requires less strength to remain erect while stretching over fair distances.

Above: Too goofy-looking for words.
*Quote apparently from the field notes of Alejandro Arteaga, a particularly judgmental herpetologist.
**Data but not color commentary from International Journal of Morphology, 24(1):43-48, 2006.
[The line drawing appears to be the work of the authors of “Imantodes cenchoa (Chunk-headed snake) Mating” in Herpetological Review 36(3):324, 2005, but artist attribution isn’t specifically stated, because science journals.]

There isn’t much I could add to this …

stuckinabucket:

This googly-eyed little bastard is the blunthead tree snake (Imantodes cenchoa).

It lives in Latin America and can’t do anything without looking ridiculous.  A case in point:

It’s nocturnal, lives in understory shrubs, sleeps in bromeliads, and, unlike its cousin the twig snake, isn’t venomous unless you’re a small frog.

Above: Ridiculous-looking death in a tube.

Below: “Pathetically inoffensive to humans.”*

If you grab it, its primary defense will be to stink at you, because that’s dignified.  To give you an idea of how tiny this thing is, here is a jumping spider thinking of trying its luck.

They live off a diet of frog and lizard eggs, small frogs, and lizards about the diameter of a human finger.  Females can take slightly bigger prey, since their heads tend to be a smidge bigger than males’. 

Nobody’s really done a lot of research on the whys of their itty bitty teeny little bodies, but the skull size and shape is under extreme evolutionary pressure to stay big enough to support prey consumption and sharp vision, while snake ribs and vertebrae are pretty flexible, allowing the rest of the body to essentially collapse into a camouflage-friendly profile when not digesting food. 

We do know that their organ position means that their bodies are significantly backweighted, with their center of gravity clocking in at 74% of their nose-to-ass length** (technically their Snout-Vent Length, which is slightly more hilarious but also slightly more obscure if you’re not a herpetologist, because most people don’t go around calling an asshole a vent).  The backweighting does give them way more maneuverability in the head section, which helps when you’re grabbing small, quick things like frogs and lizards and I guess can’t hurt when you’re eating their unborn young, either.  Like, you can strike the eggs fast and hard like a ninja and pretend there’s some honor in it or something.

Also, there’s some advantage to being so unbelievably long and skinny that this is possible:

At least if you tend to live in short, shrubby trees.  See, if you have x amount of biomass, and you spread it out over 3-5 feet, like these little bastards do, instead of concentrating it into one normal-looking snake, you’re much less likely to find yourself unsupported by vegetation.  And I don’t mean that like, the vegetation won’t believe in you.  I mean, the vegetation will dump you on your ass if you slither across it as a normal snake. 

Skinny Minnie up there has much better odds of being able to scoot across a few twigs and leaves without them giving, and the greater length means that it can anchor itself at multiple points along a path.  It also requires less strength to remain erect while stretching over fair distances.

Above: Too goofy-looking for words.

*Quote apparently from the field notes of Alejandro Arteaga, a particularly judgmental herpetologist.

**Data but not color commentary from International Journal of Morphology, 24(1):43-48, 2006.

[The line drawing appears to be the work of the authors of “Imantodes cenchoa (Chunk-headed snake) Mating” in Herpetological Review 36(3):324, 2005, but artist attribution isn’t specifically stated, because science journals.]

There isn’t much I could add to this …

(via ody-ssea)

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unknown-endangered: What is a snake?

Snakes are reptiles of the order Squamata. They are all carnivorous and kill their prey by either envenomation or constriction, although most are non-venomous and harmless to humans. They occur on nearly every continent apart from Antarctica, but are notably absent from Ireland, Iceland, and New Zealand. Snakes are believed to have descended from lizards during the Cretaceous, a theory supported by the boas and pythons, which have vestigial hind limbs, called spurs. 
The anatomy of snakes is adapted to life in trees and underground. Climbing trees and burrowing is actually easier for snakes when not impeded by limbs. They have multiple ways of moving in different situations, such as sidewinding seen in snakes living on the unstable sand dunes of deserts. The internal organs are also modified, usually elongated and paired organs are placed one in front of the other instead of side by side. In many snakes, one lung is reduced, and in some species, one lung is lost entirely.
Contrary to popular belief, a snake’s jaws don’t dislocate when feeding, but instead are simply highly mobile. The lower jaw is separated into two halves, which can move independently of each other. This allows them to move in a “walking” motion when feeding on a large prey item, as they lack any other way of manipulating food.
All snakes reproduce using internal fertilisation, with the male inserting one of two hemipenes into the cloaca of the female. Most are oviparous, and lay eggs, with some species providing parental care until they hatch. The boas, however, are ovoviviparous and produce eggs that develop inside the female until hatching, who then gives birth to live young.
Photo: My bb Scarlett the common boa (Boa constrictor imperator).

unknown-endangeredWhat is a snake?

Snakes are reptiles of the order Squamata. They are all carnivorous and kill their prey by either envenomation or constriction, although most are non-venomous and harmless to humans. They occur on nearly every continent apart from Antarctica, but are notably absent from Ireland, Iceland, and New Zealand. Snakes are believed to have descended from lizards during the Cretaceous, a theory supported by the boas and pythons, which have vestigial hind limbs, called spurs. 

The anatomy of snakes is adapted to life in trees and underground. Climbing trees and burrowing is actually easier for snakes when not impeded by limbs. They have multiple ways of moving in different situations, such as sidewinding seen in snakes living on the unstable sand dunes of deserts. The internal organs are also modified, usually elongated and paired organs are placed one in front of the other instead of side by side. In many snakes, one lung is reduced, and in some species, one lung is lost entirely.

Contrary to popular belief, a snake’s jaws don’t dislocate when feeding, but instead are simply highly mobile. The lower jaw is separated into two halves, which can move independently of each other. This allows them to move in a “walking” motion when feeding on a large prey item, as they lack any other way of manipulating food.

All snakes reproduce using internal fertilisation, with the male inserting one of two hemipenes into the cloaca of the female. Most are oviparous, and lay eggs, with some species providing parental care until they hatch. The boas, however, are ovoviviparous and produce eggs that develop inside the female until hatching, who then gives birth to live young.

Photo: My bb Scarlett the common boa (Boa constrictor imperator).

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animaltoday:

Pygmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri) or, dusky pigmy rattlesnake, small ground rattlesnake, hog nosed rattler… 

About 20 inches long, it is quite thick for its size.  The coloration of this snake can vary from pale grey to a dark charcoal, but always having reddish orange spots along its spine.  

The rattle sounds like the buzzing of an insect.  It feeds on frogs, mice and small vertebrate.  Its bite is venomous, but rarely reported to be fatal.  It is very common in Florida and some regions of Texas.

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princeowl: New Mexico whiptail (Cnemidophorus neomexicanus)

The New Mexico whiptail lizard is a crossbreed of a western whiptail which lives in the desert and the little striped whiptail that favours grasslands. The lizard is a female-only species that reproduces by producing an egg through parthenogenesis. Despite reproducing asexually, and being an all female species, the whiptail still engages in mating behavior with other females of its own species, giving rise to the common nickname “lesbian lizards”. A common theory is that this behavior stimulates ovulation, as those who do not “mate” do not lay eggs.

princeowlNew Mexico whiptail (Cnemidophorus neomexicanus)

The New Mexico whiptail lizard is a crossbreed of a western whiptail which lives in the desert and the little striped whiptail that favours grasslands. The lizard is a female-only species that reproduces by producing an egg through parthenogenesis. Despite reproducing asexually, and being an all female species, the whiptail still engages in mating behavior with other females of its own species, giving rise to the common nickname “lesbian lizards”. A common theory is that this behavior stimulates ovulation, as those who do not “mate” do not lay eggs.

(via blackbackedjackal)

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rhamphothecaSlider Skinks (genus Lerista)

Lerista is a diverse (~ 80 species) genus of skinks endemic to Australia, commonly known as sliders. The genus is especially notable for the variation in the amount of limb reduction. The variation ranges from short-bodied forms with large legs bearing five toes, to elongate forms completely lacking legs. The body length of the lizards is 33–103 mm (1.3–4.1 in).

Their locomotion is linked to their body shape. The shorter skinks with prominent limbs travel on the surface; the longer skinks with reduced legs tend to burrow more. A phylogenetic tree of Lerista, derived from DNA analysis, reveals that limb loss has happened multiple times within this group. Limb loss has occurred relatively recently, in the past 3.6 million years or so. 

(via: Wikipedia)

(photos: Top 8 - L. macropisthopus - Bill and Mark Bell, B - Southeastern Slider, L. bougainvilli - Matt Clancy)

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astronomy-to-zoologyParson’s Chameleon (Calumma parsonii)

is a large species of chameleon native to the forests of eastern and northern Madagascar. Largely considered to be the second largest chameleon alive (the Malagasy Giant Chameleon being the largest) with adults growing up 27 inches long (a little smaller than a cat). There are two subspecies/morphs of this species. One where the males eyes are orange and the body is a green or turquoise color (as shown in the 1st picture), and the Second where the male has a yellow mouth and is usually larger, females don’t exhibit these morphs.

Phylogeny

Animalia-Chordata-Reptilia-Squamata-Lacertilia-Chamaeleonidae-Chamaeleoninae-Calumma-parsonii

Image Sources: 1,2

(via moreanimalia)

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astronomy-to-zoologyBrookesia micra

…is a extremely small species of chameleon native to the islet of Nosy Hara in Northern Madagascar. B. micra is one of the smallest known reptiles as adults only grow to around 29 mm (1.1 in) that’s small enough to stand on a match head!  It is thought that B.micra’s unusual size is linked to its habitats, via insular dwarfism but that has not yet been confirmed. B. micra is primarily diurnal and hunts in the leaf litter for insects and other small invertebrates. Like other members of the genus Brookesia B. micra uses its tail as an extra limb, using it to grasp onto branches for added stability.

Phylogeny

Animalia-Chordata-Reptilia-Squamata-Lacertilia-Iguania-Chamaeleonidae-Brookesia-micra

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travelnaturelandscapes: Japanese Vine Snakes (Ahaetulla Sp.)

Animal Of The Day: Vine Snake. 

Found: Ahaetulla (Species) in Asia, and many Pacific Islands. 

Description: Characterized by thin, elongated bodies, with extremely long tails and a sharply triangular shaped head.

Behavior: Lives in humid rain forests. 

In Captivity: Frequently imported into the “exotic pet trade,” bad idea since they are really hard to care for! 

Fun FactUnlike most other species of snake whose eyes functions independently of each other, vine snakes are distinguished by their binocular vision. This means that both eyes focus on the same point, as human eyes do. This is a distinct advantage in searching for prey among the leaf litter and branches of trees, giving vine snakes the ability to determine shape more readily than other snakes, who usually rely on movement to hunt.  (fun fact link)

Image 1: common name: Green vine snake Latin name: Ahaetulla nasuta. Image 2: common name: Green vine snake. (by: wishwasdeep 

These guys are also venomous, but they are mildly venomous and rear fanged so do not pose a huge threat to humans.

(via snake-time)

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astronomy-to-zoologyLeaf-nosed Snake (Langaha madagascariensis)

Also known as the Madagascar/Malagasy leaf-nosed snake, the leaf-nosed snake is a species of colubrid snake endemic to Madagascar. The leaf-nosed snake primarily inhabits deciduous and rain forests where it feeds on small animals and invertebrates which it catches in the trees. It dispatches its prey with a strong venom, in humans the venom will cause severe pain but will not cause death. Leaf-nosed snakes are also highly sexually dimorphic as males exhibit a brown and yellow coloration and females have a mottled brown color.

Phylogeny

Animalia-Chordata-Reptilia-Squamata-Serpentes-Colubridae-Langaha-madagascariensis

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astronomy-to-zoologyZigzag Velvet Gecko (Oedura rombifer)

….is a species of velvet gecko found in northern and western Australia. Like other members of the genus Oedura the zigzag velvet gecko is primarily arboreal and can usually be found in trees or on rocks. Like other gecko species the zigzag velvet gecko feeds mostly on insects, however it is also highly adapted to its dry habitat and can go considerable periods of time without nutrients. Currently the zigzag velvet gecko is listed as endangered as logging, brush fires and introduced predators are thinning its population size.

Phylogeny

Animalia-Chordata-Reptilia-Squamata-Geckkonidae-Diplodactylinae-Oedura-rhombifer

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rhamphotheca: Nanostructures Make Viper Skin Ultra-Black and Stealthy by Laura Poppick

From even a short distance, this West African Gaboon viper looks just like a pile of dead leaves. New research shows that the highly-camouflaged snake owes its elusiveness to nanostructures in its black scales.
The velvety-black patches on this snake’s back are so dark and absorb so much light, they look like gaps in the snake’s body. This illusion allows the lurkers to dissolve into leaf litter as they wait for prey on the rainforest floor.
To determine what makes these scales appear so black, a team of German scientists examined the snake’s skin under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and found differences in the nanostructures of dark and pale scales that explain the high contrast, the team reports today in Scientific Reports…
(read more: Wired Science)                   (photo: Guido Westhoff)

rhamphothecaNanostructures Make Viper Skin Ultra-Black and Stealthy by Laura Poppick

From even a short distance, this West African Gaboon viper looks just like a pile of dead leaves. New research shows that the highly-camouflaged snake owes its elusiveness to nanostructures in its black scales.

The velvety-black patches on this snake’s back are so dark and absorb so much light, they look like gaps in the snake’s body. This illusion allows the lurkers to dissolve into leaf litter as they wait for prey on the rainforest floor.

To determine what makes these scales appear so black, a team of German scientists examined the snake’s skin under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and found differences in the nanostructures of dark and pale scales that explain the high contrast, the team reports today in Scientific Reports

(read more: Wired Science)                   (photo: Guido Westhoff)

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animaltodayBurmese Starred Tortoise (Geochelone platynota) - 

Because of its beautiful shell and easy meat, this small tortoise has been poached and hunted nearly to extinction.  (Not to be confused with the Indian Star Tortoise).

It lives in the dry forests and grasslands of Myanmar.  Since they are so few, not many studies have been made on them in the wild.  Little is known except that they do not dig burrows, they do not hibernate and they are diurnal.  They eat grasses and leaves, and sometimes insects and larvae.  

About 90% of the world’s Burmese Star Tortoise population is in captivity.  A group of researches spent 400 hours in Burma with specially trained dogs.  They only found 5.  Wikipedia. 

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astronomy-to-zoologyElephant Trunk Snake (Acrochordus javanicus)

…is a species of primitive aquatic snake found throughout the central Indo-Pacific. Like other aquatic snakes the elephant trunk snake is often found in rivers and lakes but will also be found in estuaries and lagoons. The elephant trunk snake sports very loose and baggy skin which makes it look like the wrinkled trunk of an elephant, which is where its common name comes from. Elephant trunk snakes are ambush predators and will feed on fish and amphibians, using its baggy skin which is laced with sharp scales to hold on to slippery fish. Elephant trunk snakes are primarily active at night and is usually found in the water and can stay submerged for over 30 minutes.

Phylogeny

Animalia-Chordata-Reptilia-Squamata-Serpentes-Acrochordidae-Acrochordus-javanicus

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astronomy-to-zoologyGuatemalan Palm Viper (Bothriechis aurifer)

Also known as the Yellow-blotched palm-pitviper, the Guatemalan Palm Viper is a species of pit viper endemic to Mexico and Guatemala. Like most Palm vipers B. aurifer uses venom to kill its prey, the venom has been known to cause necrosis and bruising  if untreated it could lead to limb loss or death. This species is usually found around 1,500m above sea level where it hunts diurnally.

Phylogeny: Animalia-Chordata-Reptilia-Squamata-Serpentes-Viperidae-Crotalinae-Bothriechis-aurifer

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rhamphotheca:

The Burmese Mountain Tortoise (Manouria emys), aka Asian Forest Tortoise, is an ENDANGERED terrestrial turtle found in South and SE Asia. At up to 100lbs in weight, its one of the largest species of tortoise in the world (proably the 4th largest behind the Galapagos, Aldabra, and the African Spur-thighed). As with most tortoise species, they are mainly herbivorous. They are endangered from over collection/over hunting and destruction of habitat.

(photos: T - juvenile by Emysbreeder|Kingsnake.com; BL - small adult by Rodney Lewis; BR - small adults, uncredited)